omics.co.in logo omics.co.in
← Back to Directory Hub (All 18 Disciplines)
← Prev: Stage 05 | Next: Stage 07 →
Discipline 06 of 18 48 Tools Stage 6: Cellular Heterogeneity & Spatial Biology

🔬 6. Single-Cell & Spatial Transcriptomics

Resolving cellular heterogeneity at single-cell and spatial resolution: UMI deduplication, dimension reduction, batch integration, RNA velocity, and deep generative foundation models.

Essential Software: Cell Ranger Seurat v5 Scanpy scVI-tools Harmony Squidpy
Comparative Analysis Production Benchmarks

Algorithm Architecture & Decision Matrices

Detailed comparison cards highlighting algorithmic trade-offs, strengths, weaknesses, and recommended production setups.

Ingestion, Core Suites, QC & Doublets
Cell Ranger STARsolo Alevin / alevin-fry Seurat v5 (R) Scanpy (Python) scater / scran DoubletFinder Scrublet CellBender SoupX DecontX
Cell barcodes, UMI de-duplication, ambient mRNA background subtraction, cellular contamination filtering, and doublet simulation.
Batch Integration & Cell Annotation
Harmony scVI / scANVI BBKNN LIGER CellTypist SingleR Azimuth scArches
Deep generative variational autoencoders, PCA harmony clustering, reference atlas projection.
Dynamics, Cell-Cell, CNVs & GRNs
scVelo velocyto CellRank Monocle3 Slingshot CellChat CellPhoneDB NicheNet / LIANA inferCNV CopyKAT SCENIC / pySCENIC
Spliced vs unspliced RNA velocity, cell-cell communication networks, single-cell copy-number alterations and tumor aneuploidy.
Spatial Biology & In Situ Imaging
Space Ranger Squidpy Giotto cell2location Tangram BayesSpace SPOTlight STAGATE Stereopy Xenium / CosMx / MERFISH
10x Visium HD spot deconvolution, spatial graph attention autoencoders (STAGATE), cell-type mapping (SPOTlight).
Hardware & Execution Profiles

Primary Software & Algorithms in Single-Cell & Spatial Omics

Direct command-line recipes, Conda environment specifications, memory footprints, and license metadata.

Single-Cell Multiomics
🚀 32GB+ RAM R • C++ • Bimodal Integration

Seurat v5

Docs ↗ By Rahul Satija Lab (NYGC / NYU)
(License: GPL-3.0)

Industry leading R toolkit for single-cell genomics, featuring sketch-based million-cell analysis, bridge integration across modalities (RNA + ATAC), and spatial transcriptomics.

Formats: Input: 10x MEX, H5, Count matrices • Output: Seurat Object (.rds), UMAP
💻 8-16 CPU Cores • 32-64 GB RAM
R -e 'install.packages("Seurat")'
Scalable Single-Cell Python
💻 16-32GB RAM Python • AnnData / NumPy / SciPy

Scanpy

Docs ↗ By Fabian Theis Lab (Helmholtz Munich)
(License: BSD-3-Clause)

Scalable toolkit for analyzing single-cell gene expression data. Integrates preprocessing, Leiden graph clustering, diffusion pseudotime trajectories, and GPU RAPIDS acceleration.

Formats: Input: .h5ad, Loom, MEX • Output: AnnData (.h5ad), UMAP plots
💻 8-16 CPU Cores • 16-32 GB RAM (GPU optional)
pip install scanpy
Deep Probabilistic Single-Cell
⚡ GPU Required Python • PyTorch / GPU

scVI-tools

Docs ↗ By Nir Yosef Lab (UC Berkeley / Weizmann)
(License: BSD-3-Clause)

Deep probabilistic modeling framework for single-cell omics (scVI, totalVI, scArches, DestVI). Uses Variational Autoencoders for zero-shot batch integration and spatial deconvolution.

Formats: Input: AnnData (.h5ad) • Output: Latent embeddings, Normalized counts
💻 8 CPU Cores • 16 GB RAM • NVIDIA GPU (CUDA 8GB+ VRAM)
pip install scvi-tools
Chromium Primary Processing
🚀 32GB+ RAM Rust / Python / Go • Multi-threaded

Cell Ranger

Docs ↗ By 10x Genomics
(License: 10x End User License)

Official analysis pipelines for Chromium single-cell RNA, V(D)J, ATAC, and Feature Barcode libraries. Demultiplexes BCLs, aligns reads, generates cell-barcode matrices, and produces web summaries.

Formats: Input: Illumina BCL / FASTQ • Output: filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5, BAM
💻 16-32 CPU Cores • 64-128 GB RAM • 500GB NVMe
curl -O https://cf.10xgenomics.com/releases/cell-exp/cellranger-8.0.tar.gz
Batch Effect Integration
💻 < 8GB RAM C++ / R / Python • Maximum Diversity

Harmony

Docs ↗ By Ilya Korsunsky & Soumya Raychaudhuri (Harvard)
(License: GPL-3.0)

Fast, sensitive algorithm for integrating single-cell transcriptomes across multiple donors, technologies, and tissues. Projects cells into a shared low-dimensional embedding iteratively.

Formats: Input: PCA embeddings • Output: Integrated Harmony embeddings
💻 4-8 CPU Cores • 8-16 GB RAM
R -e 'install.packages("harmony")'
Cell-Cell Communication
💻 < 8GB RAM R • Mass Action Kinetics

CellChat

Docs ↗ By Suoqin Jin & Qing Nie (UC Irvine)
(License: GPL-3.0)

Infers, visualizes, and analyzes intercellular communications from single-cell transcriptomics data using curated ligand-receptor pairs (integrating soluble agonists and co-factors).

Formats: Input: Normalized counts, cell clusters • Output: Communication networks, Circle plots
💻 4-8 CPU Cores • 16 GB RAM
R -e 'devtools::install_github("jinworks/CellChat")'
Spatial Transcriptomics
💻 16-32GB RAM Python • Spatial Data Graphs

Squidpy

Docs ↗ By Giovanni Palla & Fabian Theis
(License: BSD-3-Clause)

Combines spatial molecular data with high-resolution microscopy images. Analyzes spatial neighborhood graphs, co-occurrence scores, ligand-receptor spatial colocalization, and image features.

Formats: Input: 10x Visium, Xenium, MERFISH, SpatialData • Output: Spatial graphs, Anndata
💻 8-16 CPU Cores • 32 GB RAM
pip install squidpy
Recommended Workflow Progression

Proceed to Stage 7: ChIP-Seq, ATAC-Seq, Methylation & Hi-C

Sequencing pipelines proceed sequentially. Move forward to the next analytical domain to explore downstream algorithms and execution profiles.

Advance to Stage 07 →
← Stage 05: Bulk RNA-Seq Transcriptomics Directory Hub Stage 07: Epigenomics & Chromatin Regulation →